History of Agriculture
- Agriculture introduced in Europe by expanding early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago.
- Sumerians relied on Tigris, Euphrates rivers and irrigation for villages from 8,000 BC.
- In U.S., over half of farmworkers were immigrants in 2019, new immigrant numbers fallen 75% in recent years.
- Wages indicate major U.S. farm labor shortage.
- Agriculture Ministry to be renamed Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, takes care of farming community needs.
- Provides livelihoods for three billion people, contributes to economy in developing and developed countries.
- Creates systems that maintain soil and plant distributions.
Understanding Agriculture
Agriculture is growing crops and rearing animals for consumption and profit. Has five branches: agricultural engineering, economics, animal husbandry, horticulture and agronomy. Plays positive economic role.
- Intensive, organic, and sustainable agriculture are modern agriculture names.
- Backbone of food system, a crucial aspect of civilization.
Challenges and Development in Agriculture
- Climate change is the biggest agriculture challenge.
- Origins trace to the Neolithic period subsistence.
- Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Britain increased agricultural production through enclosure, selection, and mechanization, contributing to the Industrial Revolution.
Modern Farming Practices
Modern day farming is called "industrial or conventional farming". Emphasizes large-scale monoculture, utilizing genetically modified crops, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to maximize yield.
- Traditional farming methods vary across cultures and regions.
- Precision farming, hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical farming gaining recognition.
- Hydroponic farming saves about 99% of water used in traditional farming.
Farming and Economy
- Many loan options finance starting a farm.
- Small farms profit $1,000 to $250,000 yearly by USDA definition.
- Science of soil-less gardening called hydroponics.